Complementary currency

A complementary currency is a currency or which is not a national currency, but which is thought of as supplementing or complementing national currencies. Complementary currencies are usually not and their use is based on agreement between the parties exchanging the currency. According to Jérôme Blanc of Laboratoire d’Économie de la Firme et des Institutions, complementary currencies aim to protect, stimulate or orientate the economy. They may also be used to advance particular social, environmental, or political goals.

When speaking about complementary currencies, a number of overlapping and often interchangeable terms are in use: or currencies are complementary currencies used within a locality or other form of community (such as business-based or online communities); regional currencies are similar to local currencies but used within a larger geographical region; and currencies are complementary currencies used within a single economic sector, such as education or health care. Many are complementary currencies issued by private businesses or organizations. Other terms include alternative currency, , and microcurrency. Mutual credit is a form of alternative currency, and thus any form of lending that does not go through the banking system can be considered a form of alternative currency. are another type of alternative currency. These are actually exchange systems, which only trade items; thus without the use of any currency whatsoever. Finally, is a special form of barter which trades points for items. One point stands for one worker-hour of work.

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History

Advocates in the 1960s, especially in Canada, promoted complementary currencies to supplement national currencies. Certain leaders of this movement were careful to use the term “complementary”. They used it to emphasize the importance of working in cooperation with governments and the tax system, businesses and other established organisations.

Since the 1980s there has been a steady increase in the number of complementary currencies. In 1993 there were roughly 500, by 2003 there were over 4000.

Purposes

Complementary currencies are often designed intentionally to address specific issues, for example to increase financial stability. Most complementary currencies have multiple purposes and/or are intended to address multiple issues. They can be useful for communities that do not have access to financial capital, and for adjusting peoples’ spending behavior. The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that “all reasons” were selected, among cooperation, micro/small/medium enterprise development, activating the local market, reducing the need for national currency, and community development.

Aims may include:

  • lifeboat currencies
  • to increase financial stability.
  • to reduce carbon emissions, by encouraging localisation of trade and relationships
  • to encouraging use of under-used resources
  • to recognise the informal economy

Advantages

Some alternative currencies devalue rapidly (they are called Schwundgeld); this increases monetary circulation. The is an event that showed the potential of this increased spending through the introduction of a local currency known as . Local currencies also have the benefit that they cannot be spent abroad, and thus the always keeps circulating locally, benefiting only the local economy.

Alternative currencies are reported to work as a counterbalance for the local economy. They increase in activity if the local economy slows down, and decrease in activity if the local economy goes up.

Disadvantages

Alternative currencies promoted as that cannot be spent abroad have limited use.

According to professor Nikolaus Läufer, the use of local currencies such as Freigeld can only increase economic activity temporarily. Lengthy use of a local currency will ultimately result in a decline in economic activity and lead to a destabilization of the economy. This is due to the increased circulation velocity of the money as the amount in circulation decreases (as currencies as Freigeld reduce in value rapidly).

Tax

Often there are issues related to paying . Some alternative currencies are considered tax-exempt, but most of them are fully taxed as if they were national currency, with the caveat that the tax must be paid in the national currency. The legality and tax-status of alternative currencies varies widely from country to country; some systems in use in some countries would be illegal in others.

Types

Complementary currencies describe a wide group of exchange systems, currencies or designed to be used in combination with standard currencies or other complementary currencies. They can be valued and exchanged in relationship to national currencies but also function as on their own. Complementary currencies lie outside the nationally defined legal realm of and are not used as such. Rate of exchange, scope of circulation and use in combination with other currencies differs greatly between complementary currency systems, as is the case with national currency systems.

One Schilling note with stamps

Some complementary currencies incorporate value scales based on time or the backing of real resources (gold, oil, services, etc.). A is valued by the time required to perform a service in hours, notwithstanding the potential market value of the service. Another type of complementary monetary systems is the barter, an exchange of specific goods or services is performed without the use of any currency.

In 1982, the most widespread auxiliary currency system, the , was created. It regulates the exchange of goods and services between the members of the cooperative. Examples for an investment system of complementary currency are the Automatic Social Financial Network (ASFN) and the international and community Evolution RA whose members use their own complementary virtual currency “Сyber-gold”. The introductory fee paid by the new association members is subsequently directed toward investments in a variety of commercial projects.

Some complementary currencies take advantage of fees, an intentional devaluation of the currency over time, like negative . This stimulates market exchanges in the devaluating currency, propagates new participation in the currency system and forces the storage of wealth (hoarding) ability usually reserved for currency into more permanent and better value-holding tools like property, improvement, education, technology, health, equity securities, etc., all of which are sheltered from the currency-based demurrage fees.

Other experimental complementary currencies use high interest fees to promote heavy competition between participants, and the removal of wealth from long term wealth holding structures (natural/material wealth, property, etc.) to aid in the process of rapid industrialization, mass production, automation and competitive innovation.

Monetary speculation and gambling are usually outside the design parameters of complementary currencies. Complementary currencies are often intentionally restricted in their regional spread, time of validity or sector of use and may require a membership of participating individuals or points of acceptance.

There are some complementary currencies which are regional or global, such as the , and Friendly Favors, Tibex in the region in Italy or the proposed global currency terra.

A is a type of complementary currency that has the explicit aim to support and build more equal, connected and sustainable societies. A community currency is designed to be used by a specific group.

Backing

The Toronto dollar system is fully funded by (i.e. backed by) Canadian dollars. Participating merchants are free to exchange the Toronto dollars for Canadian dollars. The Toronto dollar has been supported by activists, clergy and a number of political leaders, including, several mayors.

Example of a fully digital complementary currency

Brk (Brnensky kredit) is used in Brno, Czech Republic, where the Rozletse community use LETS banking software as the platform for the service.

Activists

Some complementary currency activists are Belgian ex-banker , British economist Hazel Henderson, Dutch STRO-director that developed , initiators and , from Monneta, inventor , inventor , coordinator and many others. Lietaer has argued that the world’s national currencies are inadequate for the world’s business needs, citing how 87 countries have experienced major currency crashes over a 20-year period, and arguing for complementary currencies as a way to protect against these problems. Lietaer has also spoken at an (IRTA) conference about .

List of complementary currencies

Name Type Country Region Active Website
Local currency United Kingdom Europe
Local currency United Kingdom Europe
Local currency United States North America 2006–present berkshares.org
Baltimore BNote United States North America baltimoregreencurrency.org
Calgary Dollar Local currency Canada North America 1995–present calgarydollars.ca
Chiemgauer Local currency Germany Europe 2003-present chiemgauer.info
Local currency Kenya Africa 2010–2011
Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2015 exeterpound.org.uk
Sectoral currency Japan Asia 1995
Local currency United States North America
Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2008
Local currency Kenya Africa
Local currency Italy Europe 2013–present www.tibex.net

Others include:

  • Airtime minutes. After the in 2009, citizens started using minutes as an alternate currency.
  • (AOCS)
  • Bitcoin – well known cryptocurrency
  • Brownie points
  • Commercial credit circuit
  • – In 2013, several reports indicated that Tide liquid detergent was used as a medium of exchange for drug deals in the .
  • – a state-sponsored alternative currency in the U.S
  • Tumin – alternative currency in El Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico
  • is another example of a backed local currency.
  • Ven – a digital currency used in , a private social network


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Further reading

External links

Source

http://wikipedia.org/

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