Darknet market
A darknet market or cryptomarket is a commercial website on the webthat operates via darknets such as Toror I2P. They function primarily as black markets, selling or brokering transactions involving drugs, cyber-arms, weapons, counterfeit currency, stolen credit card details, forged documents, unlicensed pharmaceuticals, steroids, and other illicit goods as well as the sale of legal products. In December 2014, a study by Gareth Owen from the University of Portsmouth suggested the second most popular sites on Torwere darknet markets.
Following on from the model developed by Silk Road, contemporary markets are characterised by their use of darknet anonymised access (typically Tor), bitcoin payment with escrow services, and eBay-like vendor feedback systems. | other = | label1 =Cannabis | value1 =31.6 | label2 =Pharmaceuticals | value2 =21.05 | label3 =MDMA | value3 =10.530 | label4 =LSD | value4 =5.26 | label5 =Methamphetamine | value5 =5.26 | label6 =Mushrooms | value6 =5.26 | label7 =Heroin | value7 =5.26 | label8 =Seeds | value8 =5.26 | label9 =Video games | value9 =5.26 | label10 =Accounts | value10 =5.26 }}
Contents
History
1970s to 2011
Though e-commerce on the dark web only started around 2006, illicit goods were among the first items to be transacted using the internet, when in the early 1970s students at Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology used what was then called the ARPANET to coordinate the purchase of cannabis (drug)|cannabis. By the end of the 1980s, newsgroups like alt.drugs would become online centres of drug discussion and information; however, any related deals were arranged entirely off-site directly between individuals. With the development and popularization of the World Wide Web and e-commerce in the 1990s, the tools to discuss or conduct illicit transactions became more widely available. One of the better-known web-based drug forums, The Hive (website)|The Hive, launched in 1997, serving as an information sharing forum for practical drug synthesis and legal discussion. The Hive was featured in a Dateline NBC special called The “X” Files in 2001, bringing the subject into public discourse. From 2003, the “Research Chemical Mailing List” (RCML) would discuss sourcing “Designer drug|Research Chemicals” from legal and grey sources as an alternative to forums such as alt.drugs.psychedelics. However Operation Web Tryp led to a series of website shut downs and arrests in this area.
Since the year 2000, some of the emerging cyber-arms industry operates online, including the Eastern European “Cyber-arms Bazaar”, trafficking in the most powerful crimeware and hacking tools. In the 2000s, early cybercrime and carding forums such as ShadowCrew experimented with drug wholesaling on a limited scale.
The Farmer’s Market was launched in 2006 and moved onto Tor in 2010. It was closed and several operators and users arrested in April 2012 as a result of Operation Adam Bomb, a two-year investigation led by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. It has been considered a “proto-Silk Road” but the use of payment services such as PayPal and Western Union allowed law enforcement to trace payments and it was subsequently shut down by the FBI in 2012.
Silk Road and early markets
File:ext_38dKJsdjh_Marketlifetimes.png|thumb|Timeline and status of darknet markets, as of mid-2017 The first pioneering marketplace to use both Tor and Bitcoin escrow was Silk Road, founded by Ross Ulbricht under pseudonym “Dread Pirate Roberts” in February 2011. In June 2011, Gawker published an article about the site, which led to “Internet buzz” which they finally did in October 2013 after a lengthy investigation. Silk Road’s use of all of Tor, Bitcoin escrow and feedback systems would set the standard for new darknet markets for the coming years. The shutdown was described by news site DeepDotWeb as “the best advertising the dark net markets could have hoped for” following the proliferation of competing sites this caused,
The months and years after Silk Road’s closure would be marked by a greatly increased number of shorter-lived markets as well as semi-regular law enforcement take downs, hacks, scams and voluntary closures.
Atlantis (market)|Atlantis, the first site to accept Litecoin as well as Bitcoin, closed in September 2013, just prior to the Silk Road raid, leaving users just 1 week to withdraw any coins. Black Market Reloaded’s popularity increased dramatically after the closure of Silk Road and Sheep Marketplace; however, in late November 2013, the owner of Black Market Reloaded announced that the website would be taken offline due to the unmanageable influx of new customers this caused. Sheep Marketplace, which launched in March 2013, was one of the lesser known sites to gain popularity with Silk Road’s closure. Not long after those events, in December 2013, it ceased operation after two Florida men stole $6 million worth of users’ bitcoins.
Post-Silk Road to present
From late 2013 through to 2014, new markets started launching with regularity, such as the Silk Road 2.0, run by the former Silk Road site administrators as well as the Agora marketplace. Such launches were not always a success; in February 2014 Utopia, the highly anticipated market based on Black Market Reloaded, opened only to shut down 8 days later following rapid actions by Dutch law enforcement. February 2014 also marked the short lifespans of Black Goblin Market and CannabisRoad, two sites which closed after being deanonymised without much effort.
November 2014 briefly shook the darknet market ecosystem, when Operation Onymous, executed by the United States’ FBI and UK’s National Crime Agency, led to the seizure of 27 hidden sites, including Silk Road 2.0, one of the largest markets at the time, as well 12 smaller markets and individual vendor sites. By September 2014, Agora was reported to be the largest market, avoiding Operation Onymous, and as of April 2015 has gone on to be the largest overall marketplace
2015 would feature market diversification and further developments around escrow and decentralisation.
In March 2015 the Evolution marketplace performed an “exit scam”, stealing escrowed bitcoins worth $12 million, half of the ecosystem’s listing market share at that time. The closure of Evolution led to a users redistributing to Black Bank and Agora. However Black Bank, which as of April 2015 captured 5% of the darknet market’s listings, announced on May 18, 2015 its closure for “maintenance” before disappearing in a similar scam. Following these events commentators suggested that further market decentralization could be required, such as the service OpenBazaar, in order to protect buyers and vendors from this risk in the future as well as more widespread support from “multi-sig” cryptocurrency payments.
In April, TheRealDeal, the first open cyber-arms market for software exploits as well as drugs, launched to the interest of computer security experts. In May varied DDOS attacks were performed against different markets including TheRealDeal. The market owners set up a phishing website to get the attacker’s password, and subsequently revealed collaboration between the attacker and the administrator of Mr Nice Guy’s market who was also planning to scam his users. This information was revealed to news site DeepDotWeb.
On July 31, the Italian police in conjunction with Europol shut down the Italian language Babylon darknet market seizing 11,254 bitcoin wallet addresses and 1 million euros.
At the end of August, the leading marketplace Agora announced its imminent temporary closure after reporting suspicious activity on their server, suspecting some kind of deanonymisation bug in Tor.
By October 2015, AlphaBay was recognized as the largest market. From then on, through to 2016 there was a period of extended stability for the markets, until in April when the large Nucleus marketplace collapsed for unknown reasons, taking escrowed coins with it.
On the 28th of April, investigations into the Italian Darknet Community (IDC) forum-based marketplace led to a number of arrests.
In May 2017, the Bloomsfield market closed after investigations in Slovakia inadvertently led to the arrests of its operators. Later that month, the long-lived Outlaw market closed down citing a major bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet theft; however, speculation remained that it was an exit scam.
In July 2017 the markets experienced their largest disruptions since Operations Onymous, when Operation Bayonet culminated in coordinated multinational seizures of both the Hansa and leading AlphaBay markets, sparking worldwide law enforcement investigations.The seizures brought in lots of traffic to other markets making TradeRoute and Dream Market the most popular markets at the time.
In October 2017, TradeRoute exit-scammed shortly after being hacked and extorted.
Market features
Search and discussion
<!– Deleted image removed: page asking for the security PIN on login discussion forums is Reddit’s /r/DarkNetMarkets/, which have been the subject of legal investigation, as well as the Tor-based discussion forum, The Hub. Many market places maintain their own dedicated discussion forums and subreddits. The majority of the marketplaces are in English, but some are opening up in Chinese, Russian, and Ukrainian.
The dedicated market search engine Grams allows the searching of multiple markets directly without login or registration.
Dark web news and review sites such as DeepDotWeb and All Things Vice provide exclusive interviews and commentary into the dynamic markets. Uptime and comparison services such as DNStats provide sources of information about active markets as well as suspected Confidence scams and law enforcement activity. Due to the decentralized nature of these markets, phishing and scam sites are often maliciously or accidentally referenced.
After discovering the location of a market, a user must register on the site, sometimes with a referral link, after which they can browse listings. A further PIN may be required to perform transactions, better protecting users against login credential compromise. for added anonymity and PGP to secure communications between buyers and vendors from being stored on the site itself. Many sites use Bitcoin multisig transactions to improve security and reduce dependency on the site’s escrow. The Helix Bitcoin tumbler offers direct anonymized marketplace payment integrations.
On making a purchase, the buyer must transfer cryptocurrency into the site’s escrow, after which a vendor dispatches their goods then claims the payment from the site. On receipt or non-receipt of the item users may leave feedback against the vendor’s account. Buyers may “finalize early” (FE), releasing funds from escrow to the vendor prior to receiving their goods in order to expedite a transaction, but leave themselves vulnerable to fraud if they choose to do so.
Following Operation Onymous, there was a substantial increase in PGP support from vendors, with PGP use on two marketplaces near 90%. This suggests that law enforcement responses to cryptomarkets result in continued security innovations, thereby making markets more resilient to undercover law enforcement efforts.
Market types
Items on a typical centralized darknet market are listed from a range of vendors in an eBay-like marketplace format. Virtually all such markets have advanced reputation, search and shipping features similar to Amazon.com. Individual sites have even returned to operating on the clearnet, with mixed success.
Some Crime internet forums such as the defunct Tor Carding Forum and the Russian Anonymous Marketplace function as markets with trusted members providing escrow services and users engaging in off-forum messaging. In May 2014 the “Deepify” service attempted to automate the process of setting up markets with a SAAS solution; however, this closed a short time later.
Following repeated problems associated with centralised infrastructure, a number of decentralised marketplace software alternatives have arisen using blockchain or peer-to-peer technologies, including OpenBazaar, Particl, BitBay, , and Nxt.
Vendors
To list on a market, a vendor may have undergone an application process via referral, proof of reputation from another market or given a cash deposit to the market. and those purchasing significant quantities for personal use.
A February 2016 report suggested that a quarter of all DNM purchases were for resale.
Drugs
Whilst a great many products are sold, drugs dominate the numbers of listings, with the drugs including cannabis, MDMA, modafinil, LSD, cocaine, and designer drugs.
Fraud and hacking services
Cyber crime and hacking services for financial institutions and banks have also been offered over the dark web. Markets such as AlphaBay Market would go on to host a significant share of the commercial fraud market, featuring carding, counterfeiting and many related services. Loyalty card information is also sold as it is easy to launder.
Prohibitions and restrictions
Many markets will refuse to list weapons or poisons. Markets such as the original Silk Road would refuse to list anything where the “purpose is to harm or defraud, such as stolen credit cards, assassinations, and weapons of mass destruction”.
Later markets such as Evolution would ban “child pornography, services related to murder/assassination/terrorism, prostitution, Ponzi schemes, and lotteries”, but allow the wholesaling of credit card data. as well as other weapons such as certain types of knives and blades.
Market operations
Nachash, former proprietor of Doxbin wrote a guide in early 2015 entitled So, You Want To Be a Darknet Drug Lord …
Background research tasks included learning from past drug lords, researching legal matters, studying law enforcement agency tactics and obtaining legal representation. With regards to the prospective market’s hosting, he recommends identifying a hosting country with gaps in their mutual legal assistance treaty with one’s country of residence, avoiding overpriced bulletproof hosting and choosing a web host with Tor support that accepts suitably hard-to-trace payment. Patterns recommend to avoid include hiring hitmen like Dread Pirate Roberts and sharing Handle (computing)|handles for software questions on sites like Stack Exchange.
He advises on running a secured server operating system with a server-side transparent Tor proxy server, hardening web application configurations, server administration, automated server configuration management rebuild and secure destruction with frequent server relocation rather than a darknet managed hosting service. To protect against guard node deanonymisation he recommends obfuscating traffic by investing in Tor relays which the market site will exclusively use.
For a local machine configuration he recommends a computer purchased in cash running Linux using a local Tor transparent proxy. For OPSEC he suggests avoiding storing conversation logs, varying writing styles, avoiding mobile phone based tracking and leaking false personal details to further obfuscate one’s identity. Use of OTR and PGP are recommended.
He recommends verifying market employees carefully and to weed out law enforcement infiltration through Canary trap meal tests.
Fraudulent markets
A large number of services pretend to a legitimate vendor shop, or marketplace of some kind in order to defraud people. These include the notoriously unreliable gun stores, or even fake assassination websites.
Exit scams
File:ext_38dKJsdjh_Darknet_market_exit_scam_model.png|thumb|Graphical illustration of the life-cycle of vendors
Commentary
In December 2014, an exhibition by Carmen Weisskopf and Domagoj Smoljo entitled “The Darknet: From Memes to Onionland” explored darknet culture. This featured a Internet bot|bot called the “Random Darknet Shopper” which spent $100 in BTC per week on products listed on Agora. Their aim was to explore the ethical and philosophical implications of these markets, which, despite high-profile internationally co-ordinated raids, persist and flourish.
James Martin’s 2014 book Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs discusses some vendors who are even branding their opium or cocaine as “fair trade”, “organic” or sourced from conflict-free zones. In June 2015 journalist Jamie Bartlett gave a TED talk about the state of the darknet market ecosystem as it stands today.
According to 2014 studies by Martin and a January 2015 report from the Global Drug Policy Observatory, many harm reduction trends have been spotted. These include the reduced risks associated with street dealing such as being offered hard drugs. The vendor feedback system provides accountability for risks of mixing and side effects and protection against scammers. Online forum communities provide information about safe drug use in an environment where users can anonymously ask questions. Some users report the online element having a moderating affect on their consumption due to the increased lead time ordering from the sites compared to street dealing.
Professor for addiction research Heino Stöver notes that the shops can be seen as a political statement, advancing drug legalization “from below”. The results of these markets are higher quality and lower prices of psychoactive substances as well as a lower risk of violent incidents. A number of studies suggest that markets such as Silk Road may have helped users reduce the harm caused by illicit drug use, particularly compared with street-based drug marketplaces. Examples include the sale of high-quality products with low risk for contamination (including lacing and cutting), vendor-tested products, sharing of trip reports, and online discussion of harm reduction practices. Some health professionals such as “DoctorX” provide information, advice and drug-testing services on the darknet. The quality of products is attributed to the competition and transparency of darknet markets
In June 2015 the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) produced a report citing difficulties controlling virtual market places via darknet markets, social media and mobile apps. In August 2015 it was announced that Interpol now offers a dedicated Dark Web training program featuring technical information on Tor and cybersecurity and simulated darknet market takedowns.
In October 2015 the UK’s National Crime Agency and GCHQ announced the formation of a “Joint Operations Cell” to focus on cybercrime. In November 2015 this team would be tasked with tackling child exploitation on the dark web as well as other cybercrime.
In February 2015, the EMCDDA produced another report citing the increased importance of customer service and reputation management in the marketplace, the reduced risk of violence and increased product purity. It estimated a quarter of all purchases were for resale and that the trend towards decentralisation meant they are unlikely to be eliminated any time soon.
A June 2016 report from the Global Drug Survey described how the markets are increasing in popularity, despite ongoing law enforcement action and scams. Other findings include consumers making purchases via friends operating Torbrowser and bitcoin payments, rather than directly. Access to markets in 79% of respondents’ cases led to users trying a new type of drug.
Size of listings
The size of the darknet markets economy can be problematic to estimate. A study based on a combination of listing scrapes and feedback to estimate sales volume by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University captured some of the best data. A reviewed 2013 analysis put the Silk Road grossing $300,000 a day, extrapolating to over $100 million over a year. Subsequent data from later markets has significant gaps as well as complexities associated with analysing multiple marketplaces.
- 18,174 – October 2013, Digital Citizens Alliance,
- 33,985 – May 2014 The Guardian via Reddit
- 43,175 – July 2014 a report by the BBC
- 65,595 – August 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance
- 51,755 – December 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance
- 68,835 – March 2015 (before Evolution scam), Digital Citizens Alliance
- 68,322 – April 2015 (after Evolution scam)
In fiction
In the episode “List of Mr. Robot episodes#ep15|eps2.3_logic-b0mb.hc” (ep. 5 of season 2) of the drama–thriller television series, Mr. Robot, the protagonist, Elliot, is supposed to be repairing a Tor hidden site which turns out to be a darknet market called “Midland City” styled after the Silk Road for the sale of guns, sex trafficked women, rocket launchers, drugs and hitmen for hire.
In the 2016 movie Nerve starring Emma Roberts and Dave Franco, the dark web plays a major role.
In Grand Theft Auto Online, players who purchase warehouses and garages for illicit cargo and stolen cars can buy/steal and sell them through trade on the “SecuroServ” syndicate website. After the Biker DLC, players can now purchase buildings for illegal drugs and counterfeit products manufacture, and distribute them through a darknet website called “The Open Road” where law enforcement cannot be notified of the player’s trade.