HKDF
HKDF is a simple key derivation function (KDF) based on a (HMAC). One of its authors also described the algorithm in a companion paper in 2010.
Contents
Mechanism
HKDF extracts a key (PRK) using an hash function (e.g. -) on an optional and any potentially weak input key material (IKM). It then generates similarly cryptographically strong output key material (OKM) of any desired length by repeatedly generating PRK-keyed hash-blocks and then appending them into the output key material, finally truncating to the desired length.
For added security, the HMAC PRK keyed hash blocks are chained during their generation by prepending the previous hash block to an incrementing 8-bit counter with an optional context string in the middle before being HMACed to generate the current hash block.
Note: HKDF does not amplify entropy but does allow a large source of weaker entropy to be utilised more evenly and effectively.
Uses
HKDF has two primary and potentially independent uses:
1. To “extract” (condense/blend) entropy from a larger random source to provide a more uniformly unbiased and higher entropy but smaller output. e.g. an encryption key. This is done by utilising the diffusion properties of cryptographic MACs.
2. To “expand” the generated output of an already reasonably random input such as an existing shared key into a larger cryptographically independent output, thereby producing multiple keys deterministically from that initial shared key, so that the same process may produce those same secret keys safely on multiple devices, as long as the same inputs are utilised.
These two functions may also be combined and used to form a to improve a random number generator’s potentially-biased output, as well as protect it from analysis and help defend the random number generation from malicious inputs.
Example: Python implementation
<source lang=”python3″>
#!/usr/bin/env python3 import hashlib import hmac from math import ceil hash_len = 32 def hmac_sha256(key, data): return hmac.new(key, data, hashlib.sha256).digest() def hkdf(length, ikm, salt=b"", info=b""): prk = hmac_sha256(salt, ikm) t = b"" okm = b"" for i in range(ceil(length / hash_len)): t = hmac_sha256(prk, t + info + bytes([1+i])) okm += t return okm[:length]
</source>